It is a specialized predator of oribatid mites, but also scavenges on a broad spectrum of other arthropods. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and here we provide a comprehensive overview. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is the asexual production of female. Ent 425 general entomology resource library compendium. Pdf thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. Jan 23, 2020 the hymenoptera is the only order besides the isoptera termites to have evolved complex social systems with division of labor. The evolutionary genetics of thelytokous parthenogenesis in. White 1973 suggests the capacity for artificial parthenogenesis, induced thelytoky, or facultative thelytoky indicates some capacity for parthenogenesis is probably present in all eggs. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the exotic dacetine ant. Asexual queen succession in the higher termite embiratermes.
Feb 01, 20 read hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two c ataglyphis desert ants, molecular ecology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Asexual reproduction in introduced and native populations. Instead, the relative influences of genotypic and environmental effects on caste vary among species, ranging from largely environmentally controlled phenotypes. Thelytokous species or populations of bisexual species have been found in the diptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera, orthoptera, and coleoptera. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is rare among animals and reported in about 1,500 species, about 1 in of described animal species, according to a 1984 study. In the studied population at cape manazuru in central japan, m.
The origins of eusociality in hymenoptera the insects. Female parthenogenesis, or thelytoky, is particularly common in solitary hymenoptera. Two distinct asexual lineages from multiqueen colonies likely originated from the same sexual singlequeen population. Asexual queen succession aqs, in which workers, soldiers and dispersing reproductives are produced sexually while numerous nondispersing queens arise through thelytokous parthenogenesis, has rec. Myrmecina nipponica wheeler is a terrestrial ant nesting chiefly in the soil in forest. Jia20180402 no evidence for an effect of wolbachia on mtdna variation and evolution in natural populations of sesamia inferens lepidoptera. Pdf thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening. Worker reproduction of the invasive yellow crazy ant. Herbivory is common among the primitive hymenoptera suborder symphyta, in the gall wasps cynipidae, and in some of the ants and bees. This phenomenon suggests that parthenogenetic reproduction might be advantageous to organisms under certain environmental conditions.
During normal reproduction in hymenoptera, three of the four products of meiosis that are present in newlylaid eggs are lost as polar bodies, while the remaining pronucleus either develops as a haploid. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and. Thelytokous parthenogenesis, that is, the production of diploid daughters from unfertilized eggs, may involve various cytological mechanisms, each having a different impact on the genetic. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera antwiki. In the termite cavitermes tuberosus, parthenogenesis is an integral part of the lifecycle. Pdf thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening ant. Pdf the evolution of castebiasing symbionts in the. Asexual reproduction in introduced and native populations of. Jul 12, 2017 eusocial insects provide special opportunities to elucidate the evolution of ageing as queens have apparently evaded costs of reproduction and reversed the fecunditylongevity tradeoff generally observed in nonsocial organisms.
Thelytokous species or thelytokous populations of bisexual species have been found in the diptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera, orthoptera, and coleoptera. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also. Although some populations have a classical haplodiploid reproduction system, in other populations queens are produced by thelytokous parthenogenesis, males are produced by a male clonality system. White 1973 suggests that the capacity for artificial parthenogenesis, induced thelytoky, or facultative thelytoky indicates that some capacity for parthenogenesis is probably present in all eggs. Jul 23, 2014 thelytokous parthenogenesis, or the asexual production of female offspring, is rare in the animal kingdom, but relatively common in social hymenoptera. Jan 26, 2010 recent evidence for genetic effects on royal and worker caste differentiation from diverse social insect taxa has put an end to the view that these phenotypes stem solely from a developmental switch controlled by environmental factors. We used microsatellite markers to quantify theltyoky in virgin a. The frequency of thelytokous parthenogenesis in european. Thelytoky is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs, as for example in aphids. Thelytokous parthenogenesis and its consequences on. Here we report for the first time on the occurrence of physogastric workers and apparent worker reproduction. Thelytokous parthenogenesis, male clonality and genetic caste. Genetic reincarnation of workers as queens in the eastern.
Oct 01, 2018 the haplodiploid system of sex determination of hymenoptera acts as an exaptation for species to evolve novel forms of asexual reproduction including thelytoky clonal offspring of the mother. Queens are adapted for reproduction while workers are adapted for foraging and colony maintenance. Thelytoky from the greek thelys female and tokos birth is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs, as for example in aphids. Nonnest mate discrimination and clonal colony structure in. The eusocial genus apis, the honeybees, have the highest recombination rate in higher eukaryotes. In contrast to arrhenotoky, thelytokous parthenogenesis, in which females develop from. Download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf. No evidence for wolbachiainduced parthenogenesis in the. Jia20180402 no evidence for an effect of wolbachia on. Thelytokous parthenogenesis, that is, the production of diploid daughters from unfertilized eggs, may involve various cytological mechanisms, each. Nature versus nurture in social insect caste differentiation. Sep 26, 2012 in this species, workers can reproduce via thelytokous parthenogenesis. Thelytokous parthenogenesis, the production of diploid female offspring from unfertilized eggs, has been observed in a small number of eusocial hymenopteran species.
Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening ant. Apr 17, 2008 in thelytokous parthenogenesis by cape workers the central rather than the terminal or random pronuclei fuse to produce the restored diploid nucleus, as if one of the central maternal pronuclei takes the place of a sperm pronucleus. We present evidence for obligate thelytoky in the asexual fungusgardening ant, mycocepurus smithii, in which queens produce female offspring from unfertilized eggs, workers are sterile, and males appear to be completely absent. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in unmated queen honeybees apis.
Hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two c. The genome structure of the order hymenoptera has been found to have the highest recombination rates of any other groups in animalia. Joint evolution of asexuality and queen number in an ant. The frequency of thelytokous parthenogenesis in europeanderived. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is the asexual production of female progeny.
Considering these costs and benefits in a broader context, i show that the distribution of thelytokous parthenogenesis across the eusocial hymenoptera can be accounted for by the constraints imposed by caste conflict within an insect colony. Especially in ants, thelytoky underlies a variety of idiosyncratic life histories with unique evolutionary and ecological consequences. Evolution of ageing, costs of reproduction and the fecundity. Pdf female parthenogenesis, or thelytoky, is particularly common in solitary hymenoptera.
Here we report one such instance of asexual reproduction in the ants. Genetic constraints may have influenced the evolution of eusociality. Download pdf supplemental material article metrics. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial hymenoptera, in that males seem to be completely absent and only queens. In many species, however, workers retain functional ovaries and can lay unfertilized male eggs or trophic eggs.
Viable triploid honey bees apis mellifera capensis are. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the ant strumigenys hexamera. Inbreeding should preadapt a population to parthenogenetic modes that promote rapid. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is the production of females from unfertilized eggs. In thelytokous parthenogenesis, all eggs are unfertilized and give rise to females. According to estimates derived from the proposed phylogeny of the hymenoptera, eusociality has arisen independently in wasps, bees, and ants fig. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera, annual. Author information1museum of comparative zoology labs, harvard university, cambridge, massachusetts 028, usa. Thelytokous definition of thelytokous by merriamwebster. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the ant myrmecina nipponica. Dec 21, 2017 thelytokous parthenogenesis is the production of females from unfertilized eggs. Annals of the entomological society of america integrates different areas of insect biology and addresses current issues relevant to entomologists. Only recently has it become clear that several species of eusocial hymenopterans regularly reproduce by thelytokous parthenogenesis, that is, the production of diploid female offspring by unmated females. Reproductive division of labor is one of the key features of social insects.
Here, we use genetic markers to reconstruct the history of anthropogenic introductions of c. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening ant mycocepurus smithii hymenoptera. We show that at least four genetically distinct lineages have been introduced. But how reproduction affects longevity in eusocial insects has rarely been tested experimentally. Eusociality from greek eu good and social, the highest level of organization of sociality, is defined by the following characteristics. Jan 22, 20 here, we studied the social cohesion and genetic composition of colonies of the parthenogenetic ant cerapachys biroi. So far, thelytoky has been convincingly demonstrated in the cape honeybee, apis mellifera capensis 1921, and for seven. This is in accordance with what is known for other thelytokous eusocial hymenoptera. In this species, workers can reproduce via thelytokous parthenogenesis. Strumigenys hexamera brown is a terrestrial ant nesting exclusively in the soil and specialized in predation on diplurans and smallsized myriapods symphyllans and centipedes.
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